Humboldt Squid Have a Bad Day at the Beach . . .
Badan penyelidik ratusan Humboldt mendarat teka-teki sotong. (The bodies of hundreds of beached Humboldt squid puzzle researchers).
Gathering mengerikan (Gruesome Gathering)
Walaupun mencari fosil ikan paus terdedah oleh arus yang sangat rendah pada terpencil Santa Cruz, California (USA), pantai di awal Disember, jurugambar Chris Elmenhurst menemui tempat kejadian mengerikan dan misteri saintifik. Beratus-ratus sotong Humboldt mati (Dosidicus gigas), juga dikenali sebagai sotong jumbo, telah dicuci ke darat pada pantai Capitola (gambar). Laporan kemudian menunjukkan adegan yang sama telah memainkan keluar dari Santa Cruz Aptos selatan dan Pacific Grove di tengah-tengah California, memuncak dalam mangsa sotong yang dianggarkan dalam beribu-ribu.
While looking for a whale fossil exposed by a very low tide on a secluded Santa Cruz, California (USA), beach in early December, photographer Chris Elmenhurst discovered a gruesome scene - and a scientific mystery. Hundreds of dead Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas), also known as jumbo squid, had washed ashore on Capitola beach (pictured). Later reports showed similar scenes had played out from Santa Cruz south to Aptos and Pacific Grove in central California, culminating in squid casualties estimated in the thousands.
Misteri jumbo (Jumbo Mystery)
Gathering mengerikan (Gruesome Gathering)
Walaupun mencari fosil ikan paus terdedah oleh arus yang sangat rendah pada terpencil Santa Cruz, California (USA), pantai di awal Disember, jurugambar Chris Elmenhurst menemui tempat kejadian mengerikan dan misteri saintifik. Beratus-ratus sotong Humboldt mati (Dosidicus gigas), juga dikenali sebagai sotong jumbo, telah dicuci ke darat pada pantai Capitola (gambar). Laporan kemudian menunjukkan adegan yang sama telah memainkan keluar dari Santa Cruz Aptos selatan dan Pacific Grove di tengah-tengah California, memuncak dalam mangsa sotong yang dianggarkan dalam beribu-ribu.
While looking for a whale fossil exposed by a very low tide on a secluded Santa Cruz, California (USA), beach in early December, photographer Chris Elmenhurst discovered a gruesome scene - and a scientific mystery. Hundreds of dead Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas), also known as jumbo squid, had washed ashore on Capitola beach (pictured). Later reports showed similar scenes had played out from Santa Cruz south to Aptos and Pacific Grove in central California, culminating in squid casualties estimated in the thousands.
Misteri jumbo (Jumbo Mystery)
Mengapa sotong jumbo ini - mampu membesar hingga 5 kaki (1.5 meter) panjang - akhirnya ‘beaching’ secara beramai-ramai, sedikit misteri dalam komuniti saintifik. "Jenis perkara ini berlaku sekarang dan kemudian untuk pelbagai sebab yang tidak difahami dengan baik," kata biologi ikan John Field, dengan Oceanic dan Atmosfera Kebangsaan Pentadbiran (NOAA).
Why these jumbo squid - capable of growing up to 5 feet (1.5 meters) in length - end up beaching en masse is a bit of a mystery in the scientific community. “These types of things do happen now and then for various reasons which are not well understood,” said fish biologist John Field, with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Kelaparan maut (Deadly Hunger)
Why these jumbo squid - capable of growing up to 5 feet (1.5 meters) in length - end up beaching en masse is a bit of a mystery in the scientific community. “These types of things do happen now and then for various reasons which are not well understood,” said fish biologist John Field, with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Kelaparan maut (Deadly Hunger)
Pelbagai sebab untuk fenomena ini mengerikan (gambar di atas) termasuk antara sotong berkembang kerana perubahan iklim dan perairan pemanasan, atau bunga alga toksik yang disorient sotong supaya mereka kehilangan galas mereka. Sesetengah saintis berfikir ia mempunyai punca yang lebih langsung. Ia mungkin sotong berikutan mangsa dan tidak dapat menampung dengan sesak ke perairan yang semakin cetek pada arus yang jatuh, kata Henk-Jan Hoving, seorang penyelidik dengan Institut Penyelidikan Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBARI) di California. (Lihat video ini "Red Devils").
Diverse causes for this macabre phenomenon (pictured above) include expanding squid ranges due to climate change and warming waters, or toxic algae blooms that disorient the squid so they lose their bearings. Some scientists think it has a more direct cause. It’s possible the squid were following prey and couldn’t cope with being crowded into increasingly shallow waters on a falling tide, said Henk-Jan Hoving, a researcher with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) in California. (See video of these “Red Devils”).
Halangan Squidy (Squidy Obstacles)
Diverse causes for this macabre phenomenon (pictured above) include expanding squid ranges due to climate change and warming waters, or toxic algae blooms that disorient the squid so they lose their bearings. Some scientists think it has a more direct cause. It’s possible the squid were following prey and couldn’t cope with being crowded into increasingly shallow waters on a falling tide, said Henk-Jan Hoving, a researcher with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) in California. (See video of these “Red Devils”).
Halangan Squidy (Squidy Obstacles)
"Strandings telah telah mengambil tempat dengan kekerapan meningkat sepanjang pantai barat sejak 10 tahun lalu berkata Field NOAA," seperti penduduk ini daripada sotong seolah-olah untuk akan memperluaskan rangkaian - mungkin akibat perubahan iklim - dan boleh menjadi sangat banyak dikali. "(Belajar mengenai strandings sotong jumbo lain).
Sotong Humboldt biasanya ditemui di perairan panas jauh ke selatan di Teluk California (peta) dan di luar pantai Peru. "(Tetapi) kita dapati mereka sehingga utara di sini semasa tempoh masa air panas," kata sains penyelidik lautan Kenneth Bruland dengan University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC).
‘Coastal upwelling’ - Apabila angin bertiup memandu peredaran lautan selatan untuk membawa sejuk, perairan yang kaya dengan nutrien dari mendalam - berhenti semasa musim luruh dan musim sejuk dan air panas didapati lebih dekat ke pantai. Bruland menyatakan bahawa perubahan iklim, dan kawasan mengakibatkan oksigen yang rendah, "boleh menjadi faktor utama" dalam lukisan jumbo sotong utara.
“Strandings have been taking place with increased frequency along the west coast over the past ten years,” noted NOAA’s Field, “as this population of squid seems to be expanding its range - likely a consequence of climate change - and can be very abundant at times.” (Learn about other jumbo squid strandings).
Humboldt squid are typically found in warmer waters farther south in the Gulf of California (map) and off the coast of Peru. “[But] we find them up north here during warmer water time periods,” said ocean sciences researcher Kenneth Bruland with the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC).
Coastal upwelling - when winds blowing south drive ocean circulation to bring cold, nutrient-rich waters up from the deep - ceases during the fall and winter and warmer water is found closer to shore. Bruland noted that climate change, and the resulting areas of low oxygen, “could be a major factor” in drawing jumbo squid north.
Kebolehan Incredible (Incredible Ability)
Sotong Humboldt biasanya ditemui di perairan panas jauh ke selatan di Teluk California (peta) dan di luar pantai Peru. "(Tetapi) kita dapati mereka sehingga utara di sini semasa tempoh masa air panas," kata sains penyelidik lautan Kenneth Bruland dengan University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC).
‘Coastal upwelling’ - Apabila angin bertiup memandu peredaran lautan selatan untuk membawa sejuk, perairan yang kaya dengan nutrien dari mendalam - berhenti semasa musim luruh dan musim sejuk dan air panas didapati lebih dekat ke pantai. Bruland menyatakan bahawa perubahan iklim, dan kawasan mengakibatkan oksigen yang rendah, "boleh menjadi faktor utama" dalam lukisan jumbo sotong utara.
“Strandings have been taking place with increased frequency along the west coast over the past ten years,” noted NOAA’s Field, “as this population of squid seems to be expanding its range - likely a consequence of climate change - and can be very abundant at times.” (Learn about other jumbo squid strandings).
Humboldt squid are typically found in warmer waters farther south in the Gulf of California (map) and off the coast of Peru. “[But] we find them up north here during warmer water time periods,” said ocean sciences researcher Kenneth Bruland with the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC).
Coastal upwelling - when winds blowing south drive ocean circulation to bring cold, nutrient-rich waters up from the deep - ceases during the fall and winter and warmer water is found closer to shore. Bruland noted that climate change, and the resulting areas of low oxygen, “could be a major factor” in drawing jumbo squid north.
Kebolehan Incredible (Incredible Ability)
Tetapi ini bukanlah pandangan yang diterima secara universal. "Saya tidak fikir ini mempunyai apa-apa kaitan dengan pemanasan global" atau perubahan dalam tahap oksigen, kata Francisco Chavez, satu osenografi biologi dengan MBARI. Hoving rakan sekerja Chavez bersetuju. Dia menunjukkan keupayaan yang luar biasa Humboldt sotong untuk berkembang maju dalam persekitaran oksigen yang rendah bahawa kebanyakan organisma lain cenderung untuk mengelakkan. Hoving juga digambarkan invertebrat sebagai "pemangsa amat tangkas" yang akan mungkin menjadi terperangkap tanpa sebab, terutamanya dalam jumlah yang besar itu. (Berkaitan: "Jumbo Sotong Flash, mencambuk Pertama Video Ever Sotong-cam").
But this is not a universally accepted view. “I do not think this has anything to do with global warming” or changes in oxygen levels, said Francisco Chavez, a biological oceanographer with MBARI. Chavez’s colleague Hoving agrees. He points to the incredible ability of Humboldt squid to thrive in low oxygen environments that most other organisms tend to avoid. Hoving also described the invertebrate as an “incredibly agile predator” that would be unlikely to become trapped without cause, especially in such large numbers. (Related:“Jumbo Squid Flash, Flail in First Ever Squid-cam Video”).
Massa Keracunan? (Mass Poisoning)?
But this is not a universally accepted view. “I do not think this has anything to do with global warming” or changes in oxygen levels, said Francisco Chavez, a biological oceanographer with MBARI. Chavez’s colleague Hoving agrees. He points to the incredible ability of Humboldt squid to thrive in low oxygen environments that most other organisms tend to avoid. Hoving also described the invertebrate as an “incredibly agile predator” that would be unlikely to become trapped without cause, especially in such large numbers. (Related:“Jumbo Squid Flash, Flail in First Ever Squid-cam Video”).
Massa Keracunan? (Mass Poisoning)?
Memudaratkan pertumbuhan berlebihan alga adalah satu lagi punca yang mungkin untuk acara-acara massa ‘beaching’. Spesis tertentu bocor toksin, seperti asid domoic, ke dalam air yang boleh melumpuhkan hidupan liar tempatan. Sesetengah saintis menduga bahawa bunga ini boleh memainkan peranan langsung dengan menjadikan sotong dapat membezakan arah.
Kekeliruan ini boleh menyebabkan massa ‘beaching’, tetapi bukti lagi tidak meyakinkan. "Walaupun ia adalah mustahil bahawa sotong telah terdedah kepada toksin, tidak munasabah," kata raphe Kudela, ekologi fitoplankton di UCSC. "Makmal Saya memantau alga dan toksin mingguan dari Perbandaran Santa Cruz Wharf, dan terdapat umumnya sangat sedikit untuk toksin tidak bagi bulan lepas atau lebih, dan sangat sedikit alga yang berpotensi bertoksik." (Berkaitan: "Sea Lion Sawan Mei Keputusan Dari Alga toksik").
Harmful algal blooms are yet another possible cause for mass beaching events. Certain species leak toxins, such as domoic acid, into the water that can incapacitate local wildlife. Some scientists surmise that these blooms could play a direct role by rendering squid unable to discern direction.
This disorientation could cause a mass beaching, but the evidence is as yet inconclusive. “While it’s possible that the squid were exposed to a toxin, its reasonably unlikely,” said Raphe Kudela, a phytoplankton ecologist at UCSC. “My lab monitors algae and toxins weekly from the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf, and there has generally been very little to no toxin for the last month or so, and very few potentially toxic algae.” (Related:“Sea Lion Seizures May Result From Toxic Algae”).
Akhir Tempat Rehat (Final Resting Place)
Kekeliruan ini boleh menyebabkan massa ‘beaching’, tetapi bukti lagi tidak meyakinkan. "Walaupun ia adalah mustahil bahawa sotong telah terdedah kepada toksin, tidak munasabah," kata raphe Kudela, ekologi fitoplankton di UCSC. "Makmal Saya memantau alga dan toksin mingguan dari Perbandaran Santa Cruz Wharf, dan terdapat umumnya sangat sedikit untuk toksin tidak bagi bulan lepas atau lebih, dan sangat sedikit alga yang berpotensi bertoksik." (Berkaitan: "Sea Lion Sawan Mei Keputusan Dari Alga toksik").
Harmful algal blooms are yet another possible cause for mass beaching events. Certain species leak toxins, such as domoic acid, into the water that can incapacitate local wildlife. Some scientists surmise that these blooms could play a direct role by rendering squid unable to discern direction.
This disorientation could cause a mass beaching, but the evidence is as yet inconclusive. “While it’s possible that the squid were exposed to a toxin, its reasonably unlikely,” said Raphe Kudela, a phytoplankton ecologist at UCSC. “My lab monitors algae and toxins weekly from the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf, and there has generally been very little to no toxin for the last month or so, and very few potentially toxic algae.” (Related:“Sea Lion Seizures May Result From Toxic Algae”).
Akhir Tempat Rehat (Final Resting Place)
Tiada jawapan yang jelas bagi punca seperti hari-hari mengerikan di pantai. Kepastian sahaja perayaan ia disediakan untuk camar, singa laut, dan lain-lain pemangsa pantai yang telah gembira dijalankan pantai usaha dibersihkan.
There are no clear answers for the cause of such a gruesome day at the beach. The only certainty is the feast it provided for seagulls, sea lions, and other coastal predators that have happily carried out the beach clean-up effort.
(Sumber/Source: National Geographic News. Edited).
There are no clear answers for the cause of such a gruesome day at the beach. The only certainty is the feast it provided for seagulls, sea lions, and other coastal predators that have happily carried out the beach clean-up effort.
(Sumber/Source: National Geographic News. Edited).
Arus Hairy (Hairy Currents)
Menawan kecantikan kehidupan melalui Mikroskop
Kuku kecil dan alga unisel adalah antara imej teratas dalam 2012 Olympus BioScapes Kehidupan mikroskopik Pertandingan Foto. Ini imej rotifers penjajah - invertebrata mikroskopik yang sering dijumpai di dalam air kolam - sebenarnya adalah gambar pegun dari video pertama kalinya meraih tertinggi dalam 2012 Olympus Imaging Pertandingan BioScapes. Ralph Grimm, guru dari Australia, difilemkan silia haiwan kecil 'bingung memukul, atau bulu kecil, untuk memenangi bernilai $ 5,000 peralatan Olympus. Rotifers menggunakan silia mereka untuk mencipta arus air yang menarik dalam makanan.
Capturing the beauty of life through a Microscope
Capturing the beauty of life through a Microscope
Tiny claws and single-celled algae are among the top images in the 2012 Olympus BioScapes Microscopic Life Photo Contest. This image of colonial rotifers - microscopic invertebrates often found in pond water - is actually a still picture from the first video ever to garner top honours in the 2012 Olympus BioScapes Imaging Competition. Ralph Grimm, a teacher from Australia, filmed the tiny animals’ madly beating cilia, or small hairs, to win $5,000 worth of Olympus equipment. The rotifers use their cilia to create water currents that draw in food.
Golden Moment
Cawangan alga merah (coklat) menunjuk-nunjuk spora pembiakannya (merah), manakala diatoms keemasan - satu lagi jenis alga mikroskopik - kelompok bersama-sama seperti daun yang berwarna terang. Gambar ini, diambil oleh Arlene Wechezak Washington, memenangi tempat ke-2. (Related: "Sumber Separuh Oksigen Bumi Dapat Sedikit Kredit ").
Branching red algae (brown) show off their reproductive spores (red), while golden diatoms - another kind of microscopic algae - cluster together like brightly coloured leaves. This picture, taken by Arlene Wechezak of Washington, won second place. (Related:“Source of Half of Earth’s Oxygen Gets Little Credit”).
Funky Fern
Satu imej Psychedelic menangkap struktur pembiakan, atau spora, Amerika Syarikat biasanya East Coast pakis, Polypodium virginianum. Foto ini mengambil tempat ke-3, menambah nombor rekod hadiah yang dimenangi oleh jurugambar Igor Siwanowicz Howard Hughes Institut Perubatan. Penyertaan 4 lagi mulia menyebut, untuk sejumlah 5 anugerah. (Berkaitan: "Ferns Rocky Mountain National Park").
A psychedelic image captures the reproductive structures, or spores, of a common U.S. East Coast fern, Polypodium virginianum. This photo took third place, adding to the record number of prizes won by photographer Igor Siwanowicz of Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His four other entries are honourable mentions, for a total of five awards. (Related: “Ferns of Rocky Mountain National Park”).
The Claw
Walaupun penampilannya menakutkan, kuku jahat yang berpandangan ini tergolong kepada kumpulan krustasia kecil dipanggil amphipods. Ahli betina genus Phronima serangan agar-agar laut makhluk dipanggil salps, memakan daging-daging mereka dan meninggalkan struktur setong berbentuk luar. Amphipods betina kemudian merangkak di dalam dan bertelur.
Ini pemenang tempat ke-4, yang diambil oleh Christian Sardet Perancis dan Sharif Mirshak dari Kanada, juga telah ditangkap kelompok sel-sel pigmen (coklat merah) dan otot (putih). (Berkaitan: "Deep-Sea, Makhluk Udang-Seperti Survive oleh Makan Kayu").
Despite its fearsome appearance, this wicked-looking claw belongs to a group of tiny crustaceans called amphipods. Female members of the genus Phronima attack gelatinous ocean creatures called salps, eating their flesh and leaving a barrel-shaped outer structure. The female amphipods then crawl inside and lay their eggs.
This fourth place winner, taken by Christian Sardet of France and Sharif Mirshak from Canada, has also captured clusters of pigment cells (brownish red) and muscles (white). (Related: “Deep-Sea, Shrimp-Like Creatures Survive by Eating Wood”).
Going Green
Ini diatom unisel hijau memenangi Rogelio Moreno Gill tempat ke-5 Panama dalam Pertandingan Pengimejan BioScapes. Walaupun diatoms ramai yang ditemui di lautan, mereka mendiami air tawar juga. Spesimen untuk imej ini komposit datang dari tasik.
This single-celled green diatom won Rogelio Moreno Gill of Panama fifth place in the BioScapes Imaging Competition. Although many diatoms are found in the oceans, they inhabit freshwater too. Specimens for this composite image came from a lake.
Open Wide
Ini adalah apa karang cendawan kelihatan seperti kerana ia mengatakan "ah." Dikenali mangsa jeli, banyak spesies karang cendawan hidup bersendirian, tidak seperti saudara penjajah. James Nicholson South Carolina mengambil tempat keenam dengan ini melampau menutup mulut karang kerana ia dibuka. (Lihat gambar karang lebih).
This is what a mushroom coral looks like as it says “ah.” Known to prey on jellies, many mushroom coral species live solitary lives, unlike their colonial brethren. James Nicholson of South Carolina took sixth place with this extreme close-up of the coral’s mouth as it opened. (See more coral photos).
Brains
Penyelidik Kristian Klambt dan Imke Schmidt Jerman memenangi tempat ke-7 dengan imej otak larva lalat buah. Cakera Mata imaginal - kelompok sel-sel yang akan membentuk mata dalam dewasa - dapat dilihat pada bahagian atas gambar. (Berkaitan: "Buah Lalat Aerodinamik Terkini Penerbangan serangga").
Researchers Christian Klambt and Imke Schmidt of Germany won seventh place with an image of a fruit fly larva’s brain. Eye imaginal discs - clusters of cells that will form the eyes in the adult - are visible at the top of the picture. (Related: “Fruit Flies Highlight Aerodynamics of Insect Flight”).
Deadnettle
Edwin Lee Texas mengambil tempat ke-8 dengan imej organ-organ pembiakan jantan - stamen, anthers, dan filamen - tumbuhan tahunan yang dipanggil henbit deadnettle (Lamium amplexicaule). Ahli keluarga pudina asli ini ke Eropah dan Mediterranean dan dianggap spesies invasif di Amerika Syarikat
Edwin Lee of Texas took eighth place with an image of the male reproductive organs - stamens, anthers, and filaments - of an annual plant called henbit deadnettle (Lamium amplexicaule). This member of the mint family is native to Europe and the Mediterranean and is considered an invasive species in the U.S.
Blossoming
Imej komposit benih Delphinium ini memenangi Sahar Khodaverdi tempat ke-9 Iran dalam Pertandingan Pengimejan BioScapes. Jika tidak ia kenali sebagai Larkspur, tumbuh-tumbuhan adalah sangat bertoksik dan bertanggungjawab bagi kerugian ternakan ramai di Amerika Syarikat
This composite image of a Delphinium seed won Sahar Khodaverdi of Iran ninth place in the BioScapes Imaging Competition. Otherwise known as larkspur, these plants are highly toxic and are responsible for many livestock losses in the U.S.
Small Scale Beauty
Skala meliputi sayap ini prola kecantikan rama-rama (Panacea prola) mencerminkan cahaya, menghasilkan paparan mempesonakan warna ini. Charles Krebs Washington State memenangi tempat ke-10 dalam Pertandingan Pengimejan BioScapes dengan imej ini. (Lihat lebih banyak gambar rama-rama).
The scales covering the wings of this prola beauty butterfly (Panacea prola) reflect the light, producing this dazzling display of colour. Charles Krebs of Washington State won tenth place in the BioScapes Imaging Competition with this image. (See more pictures of butterflies).
Imej teratas/Top image: Rotifers feeding. Screen capture from video.
(Sumber/Source: National Geographic News.
Edited. Imej teratas ditambah/Top image and video added).